Grade Bands

 

NCTM Principles and Standards for School Mathematics

 

 

 

á               Pre-K – 2

 

 

 

á               3 – 5

 

 

 

á               6 – 8

ÒStudents should come to the study of geometry in the middle grades with informal knowledge about points, lines, planes, and a variety of two- and three-dimensional shapes; with experience in visualizing and drawing lines, angles, triangles, and other polygons; and with intuitive notions about shapes built from years of interacting with objects in their daily lives . . .

 

Middle-grades students should explore a variety of geometric shapes and examine their characteristics . . .

 

Students must carefully examine the features of shapes in order to precisely define and describe fundamental shapes, such as special types of quadrilaterals, and to identify relationships among the types of shapes.Ó NCTM p. 233

 

ÒStudentsÕ skills in visualizing and reasoning about spatial relationships are fundamental in geometry. Some students may have difficulty finding the surface area of three-dimensional shapes using two dimensional representations because they cannot visualize the unseen faces of the shapes. Experience with models of three-dimensional shapes and their two dimensional ÒnetsÓ is useful in such visualization. Students also need to examine, build, compose, and decompose complex two- and three-dimensional objects, which they can do with a variety of media, including paper-and-pencil sketches, geometric models, and dynamic geometry software. Interpreting or drawing different views of buildings, such as the base floor plane and front and back views, using dot paper can be useful in developing visualization. Students should build three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional representations; draw objects from a geometric description; and write a description, including its geometric properties, for a given object.Ó NCTM p. 237

 

 

 

á               9 – 12

 

 

 

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